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Tax Bracket Runway
Your income vs. available Roth conversion space in each bracket
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Annual Conversion Opportunities
Maximum to convert per year within each bracket
| Bracket | Max Annual Conversion?Max Roth conversion per year to reach the top of this bracket without spilling into the next. | Federal Tax Cost?Federal income tax on the converted amount in the year of conversion. | Effective Rate?Blended tax rate on the conversion only — often lower than the bracket rate. | Net into Roth?After-tax dollars that land in your Roth IRA this year. | Roth Value at Age —?Projected tax-free Roth value at your plan age. Conversions occur during your window only; the Roth then compounds untouched to your plan age. Taxes assumed paid from outside funds. |
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Note: “Roth Value at Age” reflects conversions during your window only, then tax-free compounding to your plan age. Key assumption: conversion taxes are paid from outside funds — the full converted amount stays invested in the Roth. Federal tax only; state taxes not included. 2025 IRS brackets.
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Longevity Value Comparison
What each strategy is worth over your full lifetime vs. leaving money in a traditional IRA
| Strategy | Total Converted?Total dollars shifted into Roth over all years to your plan age. | Total Tax Paid Now?Total upfront federal tax across all conversion years. | Roth at Plan Age?Projected total tax-free Roth IRA value at your plan age. | Traditional IRA (After-Tax)?Yes — this is the projected after-tax value you would actually pocket if you left your money in the traditional IRA, grew it at your entered growth rate to your plan age, then withdrew and paid taxes on the entire balance in one lump sum at the Future Withdrawal Rate you entered. It is a single-event, full-liquidation snapshot used as a direct comparison against your Roth outcome. | Lifetime Advantage?Net benefit of converting vs. leaving money in a traditional IRA. |
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Assumptions: Annual conversions at each bracket’s max continue every year to your plan age. Traditional IRA grows at the same rate; after-tax value applies your assumed future withdrawal rate. No state taxes. For illustration only.
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Income Breakdown
How your current taxable income is calculated before any Roth conversion