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Tax Bracket Runway
Your income vs. available Roth conversion space in each bracket
Existing income
Conversion space
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Annual Conversion Opportunities
Maximum to convert per year within each bracket
| Bracket | Max Annual Conversion?Max Roth conversion per year to reach the top of this bracket without spilling into the next. | Federal Tax Cost?Federal income tax on the converted amount in the year of conversion. | Effective Rate?Blended tax rate on the conversion only — often lower than the bracket rate. | Net into Roth?After-tax dollars that land in your Roth IRA this year. | Roth Value at Age —?Projected tax-free Roth value at your plan age assuming annual conversions at this level every year. | Rate Quality |
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Note: "Roth Value at Age" assumes this annual amount repeated each year, compounding tax-free at your growth rate to your plan age. Federal tax only — state taxes not included. 2025 IRS brackets.
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Longevity Value Comparison
What each strategy is worth over your full lifetime vs. leaving money in a traditional IRA
| Strategy | Total Converted?Total dollars shifted into Roth over all years to your plan age. | Total Tax Paid Now?Total upfront federal tax across all conversion years. | Roth at Plan Age?Projected total tax-free Roth IRA value at your plan age. | Traditional IRA (After-Tax)?Same pre-tax dollars in a traditional IRA after applying your assumed future withdrawal tax rate. | Lifetime Advantage?Net benefit of converting vs. leaving money in a traditional IRA. |
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Assumptions: Annual conversions at each bracket’s max continue every year to your plan age. Traditional IRA grows at the same rate; after-tax value applies your assumed future withdrawal rate. No state taxes. For illustration only.
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Income Breakdown
How your current taxable income is calculated before any Roth conversion